Getting Started Why Philosophy? Five Views A Brief Guide to Logic and Argumentation Some Guidelines for Writing Philosophy Papers PART I: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION Chapter 1: Does God Exist? Anselm of Canterbury, The Ontological Argument Reader’s Guide: Anselm’s Ontological Argument Thomas Aquinas, The Five Ways Reader’s Guide: Aquinas’s Cosmological Argument William Paley, The Argument from Design Roger White, The Argument from Cosmological Fine-Tuning Louise Antony, No Good Reason—The Problem of Evil Eleonore Stump, The Problem of Evil Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe without Evidence? Blaise Pascal, The Wager Alan Hájek, Pascal’s Ultimate Gamble W. K. Clifford, The Ethics of Belief William James, The Will to Believe Alvin Plantinga, Is Belief in God Properly Basic? Lara Buchak, When Is Faith Rational? PART II: EPISTEMOLOGY Chapter 3: What Is Knowledge? Plato, Meno Edmund Gettier, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Reader’s Guide: Gettier’s Definition of Knowledge Timothy Williamson, Knowledge and Belief NEW Duncan Pritchard, The Value of Knowledge NEW Reader’s Guide: Pritchard on the Value of Knowledge NEW Michael Patrick Lynch, The Value of Truth (exclusive) Chapter 4: How Can We Know about What We Have Not Observed? David Hume, Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding Reader’s Guide: Hume on Induction Nelson Goodman, The New Riddle of Induction Reader’s Guide: Goodman’s New Riddle of Induction Gilbert Harman, The Inference to the Best Explanation NEW Ned Hall, Causation and Correlation (exclusive) NEW C. A. J. Coady, Testimony and Observation Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another? Bertrand Russell, The Argument from Analogy D. M. Armstrong, Introspection Sarah K. Paul, John Doe and Richard Roe NEW Alex Byrne, Animal and Artificial Minds (exclusive) Chapter 6: How Can We Know about the External World? René Descartes, Meditation I Reader’s Guide: Descartes’s Meditations David Hume, Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses Reader’s Guide: Hume on Skepticism G. E. Moore, Proof of an External World Jonathan Vogel, Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation Rae Langton, Ignorance of Things in Themselves PART III: METAPHYSICS AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND Chapter 7: Is Mind Material? René Descartes, Meditation II, Meditation VI Elisabeth of Bohemia, Correspondence with Descartes Antoine Arnauld, Fourth Set of Objections Gilbert Ryle, Descartes’ Myth John Searle, Can Computers Think? NEW Hedda Hassel Mørch, Is Matter Conscious? Chapter 8: What Is Consciousness? Thomas Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat? Frank Jackson, Epiphenomenal Qualia Reader’s Guide: Jackson’s Knowledge Argument Patricia Smith Churchland, Are Mental States Irreducible to Neurobiological States? David Chalmers, The Hard Problem of Consciousness NEW Jonathan Birch, Why Is Animal Consciousness Controversial? A Trialogue (Exclusive) Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear? Bertrand Russell, Appearance and Reality George Berkeley, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous Vasubandhu, Twenty Verses with Autocommentary Reader’s Guide: Vasubandhu on Idealism NEW David Chalmers, What Is the Simulation Hypothesis? Chapter 10: What Is There? Stephen Yablo, A Thing and Its Matter NEW Theodore Sider, Monism, Pluralism, and Ephemera (exclusive) Gideon Rosen, Numbers and Other Immaterial Objects Penelope Maddy, Do Numbers Exist? PART IV: FROM METAPHYSICS TO ETHICS Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity? John Locke, Of Identity and Diversity Richard Swinburne, The Dualist Theory Derek Parfit, Personal Identity Bernard Williams, The Self and the Future Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender? Anthony Appiah, The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race Sally Haslanger, Gender and Race: (What) Are they? (What) Do We Want Them to Be? Quayshawn Spencer, Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos? Elizabeth Barnes, The Metaphysics of Gender Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will? Galen Strawson, Free Will Roderick Chisholm, Human Freedom and the Self A. J. Ayer, Freedom and Necessity P. F. Strawson, Freedom and Resentment Reader’s Guide: Strawson on Freedom and Resentment Harry Frankfurt, Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person Susan Wolf, Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility PART V: ETHICS NEW Chapter 14: When Are We Morally Responsible for What We Do? Nomy Arpaly, Why Moral Ignorance Is No Excuse Michele M. Moody-Adams, Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance Angela M. Smith, Implicit Biases, Moral Agency, and Moral Responsibility NEW Gideon Rosen, Ignorance and Responsibility (exclusive) Chapter 15: What Is the Right Thing to Do? Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence, and Morality Onora O’Neill, The Moral Perplexities of Famine and World Hunger Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion Don Marquis, Why Abortion Is Immoral Elizabeth Harman, The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Animal Death NEW Nick Zangwill, Our Moral Duty to Eat Meat Chapter 16: What Moral Theory Is True? John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Reader’s Guide: Kant’s Moral Theory Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics Rosalind Hursthouse, Virtue Ethics Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, Beyond Good and Evil, and The Gay Science Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective? J. L. Mackie, The Subjectivity of Values NEW David Wong, Pluralistic Relativism (exclusive) Thomas Nagel, Ethics Philip L. Quinn, The Divine Command Theory Reader’s Guide: Quinn’s Divine Intention Theory Elizabeth Harman, Is It Reasonable to “Rely on Intuitions” in Ethics? Sharon Street, Does Anything Really Matter or Did We Just Evolve to Think So? Sarah McGrath, What Is Weird about Moral Deference? Chapter 18: Why Do What Is Right? Plato, The Republic, Book II Judith Jarvis Thomson, Why Ought We Do What Is Right? David Hume, Of the Passions and Of Morals Reader’s Guide: Hume on Moral Motivation Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals I Reader’s Guide: Kant on Moral Motivation Chapter 19: What Is the Meaning of Life? Richard Taylor, The Meaning of Life Susan Wolf, Meaning in Life and Why It Matters Thomas Nagel, The Absurd Samuel Scheffler, Death and the Afterlife PART VI: POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified? Aristotle, Politics Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan Reader’s Guide: Hobbes’s State of Nature Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract Reader’s Guide: Rousseau’s Solution to the Fundamental Problem A. John Simmons, Rights-Based Justifications for the State Charles Mills, The Racial Contract Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty? John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration John Stuart Mill, On Liberty Reader’s Guide: Mill on Liberty Amartya Sen, Elements of a Theory of Human Rights? NEW Seana Valentine Shiffrin, The Unavoidability of a Thinker-Oriented Free Speech Theory (exclusive) NEW Robert P. George, Public Morality and the Central Tradition (exclusive) Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality? John Rawls, Two Principles of Justice NEW Reader’s Guide to Rawls, Two Principles of Justice Harry Frankfurt, Equality as a Moral Ideal Martha Nussbaum, Political Equality Robert Nozick, Distributive Justice Susan Moller Okin, Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?